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Understanding the Removal and Fate of Selected Drugs of Abuse in Sludge and Biosolids from Australian Wastewater Treatment Operations

查看全文 作　　者：Meena [1]K.Yadav;Cobus [2]Gerber;Christopher [1,3,5]P.Saint;Ben Van den [1,4]Akker;Michael [5]D.Short 高影响力作者 机构地区：[1]Natural and Built Environments Research Centre,School of Natural and Built Environments,University of South Australia,Mawson Lakes,SA 5095,Australia;[2]School of Pharmacy and Medical Science,University of South Australia,North Terrace,SA 5000,Australia;[3]Division of Information Technology,Engineering and the Environment,University of South Australia,Mawson Lakes,SA 5095,Australia;[4]Australian Water Quality Center,Adelaide,SA 5000,Australia;[5]Future Industries Institute,University of South Australia,Mawson Lakes,SA 5095,Australia高影响力机构 出　　处：《Engineering》索引2019年第5卷第5期,共8页高影响力期刊 基　　金：supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship;financial support of the Cooperative Research Center for Low Carbon Living Ltd. (RP2017 and RP2008) whose activeties are supported by the Cooperative Research Centers program, an Australian Government initiative;the South Australian Health Network for its financial support 摘　　要：Illicit and pharmaceutical drugs are considered to be emerging contaminants of concern,and much research effort has gone into assessing their occurrence in wastewater.However,little information exists on their presence in treated sludge or biosolids.In this study,we examined sludge and biosolids from a large metropolitan wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)in Australia to determine the occurrence of five drugs of abuse,including benzoylecgonine as indicator of cocaine consumption,methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine(MDMA)as representative illicit stimulants,and codeine and morphine as pharmaceuticals with potential environmental risk.The samples were solid-phase extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS).Benzoylecgonine and MDMA were present in raw sludge but were notably degraded during solids treatment processes,and were not detected in the dewatered sludge(after treatment)or in biosolids.Methamphetamine,codeine,and morphine were detected in all biosolids samples at mean concentrations of 20–50 lg kg^-1.The presence of these three drugs in biosolids shows that these compounds are relatively stable in the solids and in soil,and can persist in biosolids for at least several years.A simple environmental risk assessment based on estimated risk quotients(RQs)for these compounds indicated that the potential environmental risks associated with the land application of biosolids are very low at typical Australian biosolids application rates. 关 键 词：ANAEROBIC DIGESTION BIOSOLIDS Contamination METHAMPHETAMINE SORPTION
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