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| 1 | Early infant male circumcision:Systematic review,risk-benefit analysis,and progress in policy显示文摘AIM To determine whether recent evidence-based United States polices on male circumcision(MC) apply to comparable Anglophone countries,Australia and New Zealand.METHODS Articles in 2005 through 2015 were retrieved from PubM ed using the keyword 'circumcision' together with 36 relevant subtopics.A further PubM ed search was performed for articles published in 2016.Searches of the EMBASE and Cochrane databases did not yield additional citable articles.Articles were assessed for quality and those rated 2+ and above according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Grading System were studied further.The most relevant andrepresentative of the topic were included.Bibliographies were examined to retrieve further key references.Randomized controlled trials,recent high quality systematic reviews or meta-analyses(level 1++ or 1+ evidence) were prioritized for inclusion.A risk-benefit analysis of articles rated for quality was performed.For efficiency and reliability,recent randomized controlled trials,metaanalyses,high quality systematic reviews and large welldesigned studies were used if available.Internet searches were conducted for other relevant information,including policies and Australian data on claims under Medicare for MC.RESULTS Evidence-based policy statements by the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) support infant and later age male circumcision(MC) as a desirable public health measure.Our systematic review of relevant literature over the past decade yielded 140 journal articles that met our inclusion criteria.Together,these showed that early infant MC confers immediate and lifelong benefits by protecting against urinary tract infections having potential adverse long-term renal effects,phimosis that causes difficult and painful erections and 'ballooning' during urination,inflammatory skin conditions,inferior penile hygiene,candidiasis,various sexually transmissible infections in both sexes,genital ulcers,and penile,prostate and cervical cancer.Our risk-benefit analysis showed that benefits exceeded procedural risks,which are predominantly minor,by up to 200 to 1.We estimated that more than 1 in 2 uncircumcised males will experience an adverse foreskin-related medical condition over their lifetime.Wide-ranging evidence from surveys,physiological measurements,and the anatomical location of penile sensory receptors responsible for sexual sensation strongly and consistently suggested that MC has no detrimental effect on sexual function,sensitivity or pleasure.United States studies showed that early infant MC is cost saving.The evidence supporting early infant MC has further strengthened since the positive AAP and CDC reviews.CONCLUSION Affirmative MC policies are needed in Australia and New Zealand.Routine provision of accurate,unbiased education,and access in public hospitals,will maximize health and financial benefits. | Brian J Morris Sean E Kennedy Alex D Wodak Adrian Mindel David Golovsky Leslie Schrieber Eugenie R Lumbers David J Handelsman John B Ziegler | 2017 | World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Genome sequence and analysis of the soil cellulolytic actinomyeete Thermobifidafusca YX 显示文摘 | Athanasios L Konstantinos M Natalia I lain A Miriam L Genevieve D Michele M Alia L Susan L Alex C Paul R David BW Nikos K | 2007 | J Bacteriol2007，189，6： | 1 |
| 3 | Calculation of Stribeck curves for (water) lubricated journal bearings 显示文摘 | ALEX DE K VAN OSTAYEN R A J RIXEN D J | 2007 | Tribology International2007，40，： | 1 |
| 4 | Evaluation of Selected Mathematical Approaches to the Kinetics of Protein Degradation In Sisu显示文摘 | Alex Bach Marshall D Stern Neal R | 1998 | J Anim Sci1998，76，： | 1 |
| 5 | Nanoshell tubes of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate显示文摘 | Luo Y Szafraniak I Zakharov N D Nagarajan V Steinhart M Wehrspohn R B Wendorff J H Ramesh R Alexe M | 2003 | Appl Phys Lett2003，83，： | 1 |
| 6 | Ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate nanotubes显示文摘 | Luo Y Szafraniak I Nagarajan V Wehrspohn R B Steinhart M Wendorff J H Zakharov N D Ramesh R Alexe M | 2003 | Ferroelectrics2003，59，： | 1 |
| 7 | Seasonal changes in carbohydrates in the root of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and the disruption of these changes by herbicides 显示文摘 | Robert G Wilson Alex R Stephen D K | 2006 | Weed Technology2006，20，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Polymer-based optical waveguides: Materials, processing and devices 显示文摘 | Hang M Alex K Y Larry R D | 2002 | Adv Mater2002，14，19： | 1 |
| 9 | Ferroelectrie nanotubes显示文摘 | Morrison F D Luo Y Szafraniak I Nagarajan V Wehrspoh R B Steinhart M Wendorff J H Zakharov N D Mishina E D Vorotilov K A Sigov A S Nakabayshi S Alexe M Ramesh R Scott J F | 2003 | Rev Adv Mater Sci2003，4，： | 1 |
| 10 | Equilibrium Moisture Contents of a Medicinal Herb (Melissa officina- lis) and a Medicinal Mushroom (Lentinula edodes)Deter- mined by Dynamic Vapour Sorption显示文摘 | ARGYROPOULOS D ALEX R MULLER J | 2011 | Procedia Food Sci- ence2011，，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Combined in vivo imaging and omics approaches reveal metabolism of icaritinand its glycosides in zebrafish larvae 显示文摘 | Li Z R Alex D Siu S O | 2011 | Mol Biosyst2011，7，7： | 1 |
| 12 | SME competitive strategy and location behavior:An exploratory study of high -technology manufacturing 显示文摘 | Craig S G Carlos L R Alex F D | 2008 | Journal of Small Business Management2008，46，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Identification of time-varyingpH proceesses using sinysoidal signals显示文摘 | Alex D K Liuping W William R C | 2005 | Automatica2005，41，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Postural char- acteristics of diabetic neuropathy 显示文摘 | Oppenheim U Kohen-Raz R Alex D | 1999 | Diabetes Care1999，22，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Phenyl-Perfluorophenyl Stacking Interactions:Topochemical Photodimerization and Photopolymerization of Olefinic Compounds显示文摘 | Geoffrey W C Alex R D Lawrence M | 1998 | J Am Chem Soc1998，110，： | 1 |
| 16 | Moisture sorption iso- therms and isosteric heat of sorption of leaves and stems of lemon balm (Melissa ojficinalis L ) established by dynamic vapor sorp- tion显示文摘 | Argyropoulos D Alex R Kohler R | 2012 | LWT-Food Sci Technol2012，47，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Food consumption of tuna in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean:FAD-associated versus unassociated schools显示文摘 | Frédéric M Bernard S Alex R | 2000 | Aquat Living Resour2000，13，： | 1 |
| 18 | Nitrate removal from a drinking water supply with large free-surface constructed wetlands prior to groundwater recharge 显示文摘 | James F R Alex J H Craig D M | 1999 | Ecological En- gineering1999，14，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Empirical studies of test case prioritization in a JUnit testing environment显示文摘 | HYUNSOOK D O GREGG R ALEX K | 2004 | IEEE Computer Society2004，11，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Very early hypothermia induction in patients with severe brain injury (the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II): a randomised trial显示文摘 | Guy L Clifton Alex Valadka David Zygun Christopher S Coffey Pamala Drever Sierra Fourwinds L Scott Janis Elizabeth Wilde Pauline Taylor Kathy Harshman Adam Conley Ava Puccio Harvey S Levin Stephen R McCauley Richard D Bucholz Kenneth R Smith John H Schmid | 2011 | Lancet Neurology2011，，2： | 1 |
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