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| 1 | 分形——自然界的几何学显示文摘分形几何扮演了两种角色.它既是决定论混沌的几何学,又是描述山峦、云团和星系的几何学. 自然科学与几何学总是携手并进的.17世纪,开普勒发现能用椭圆描述行星绕太阳运行的轨道.这激励了牛顿用万有引力定律解释这些椭圆轨道.同样,理想的摆做往复运动可以用正弦波形表示.简单的动力学常常和简单的几何外形相联系.这一种数学图像暗示,物体的形状和作用于它的力之间有一种平滑的关系.在行星和摆的例子中还暗示物理学是决定论的,由系统的过去便能预测其未来. | Benoit Mandelbrot 王继振 | 1991 | 世界科学1991，13，11： | 9 |
| 2 | Histopathological characteristics and causes of kidney graft failure in the current era of immunosuppression显示文摘BACKGROUND The histopathological findings on the failing kidney allograft in the modern era is not well studied. In this study, we present our experience working with kidney transplant recipients with graft failure within one year of the biopsy.AIM To report the histopathological characteristics of failed kidney allografts in the current era of immunosuppression based on the time after transplant, cause of the end-stage renal disease and induction immunosuppressive medications.METHODS In a single-center observational study, we characterized the histopathological findings of allograft biopsies in kidney transplant recipients with graft failure within one year after the biopsy.RESULTS We identified 329 patients with graft failure that met the selection criteria between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2016. The three most common biopsy findings were interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy(IFTA, 53%), acute rejection (AR, 43%) and transplant glomerulopathy(TG, 33%). Similarly, the three most common causes of graft failure based on the primary diagnosis were AR(40%),TG(17%), and IFTA(13%). Most grafts failed within two years of post-transplant(36%). Subsequently, approximately 10%-15% of grafts failed every two years: >2-4 years(16%), > 4-6 years(13%), > 6-8 years(11%), > 8-10 years(9%) and > 10 years(16%). AR was the most common cause of graft failure in the first six years(48%), whereas TG was the most prevalent cause of graft failure after 6 years(32%) of transplant.CONCLUSION In the current era of immunosuppression, AR is still the most common cause of early graft failure, while TG is the most prevalent cause of late graft failure. | Sandesh Parajuli Fahad Aziz Neetika Garg Sarah E Panzer Emily Joachim Brenda Muth Maha Mohamed Justin Blazel Weixiong Zhong Brad C Astor Didier A Mandelbrot Arjang Djamali | 2019 | World Journal of Transplantation2019，9，6： | 2 |
| 3 | Acceptability and impact of zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus-1 transmission in France 显示文摘 | Mayaux MJ Teglas JP Mandelbrot L | 1997 | J Pecliatr1997，131，6： | 1 |
| 4 | Some long-run properties ofGeographysical records显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B Wallis J R | 1969 | Water Resource Research1969，5，2： | 1 |
| 5 | How long is the coast of Britain, statistical self- similarity and fractad dimension显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B | 1967 | Science1967，156，： | 1 |
| 6 | Fractional Brownian motions, fractional noises and applications显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B Van Ness J W | 1968 | SIAM Review1968，10，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Forecast of future price,unbiased markets,and martingale model显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B | 1966 | Journal of Business1966，34，3： | 1 |
| 8 | A Multifractal Walk Down Wall Street显示文摘 | MANDELBROT B B | 1999 | Scientific American1999，280，2： | 1 |
| 9 | The variation of certain speculative prices显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B | 1963 | Journal of Business1963，36，4： | 1 |
| 10 | The variation of certain speculative prices显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B | 1963 | Journal of Business1963，36，4： | 1 |
| 11 | How long is the coast line of Britain?Statistical self similarity and fractal dimension显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B | 1967 | Science1967，155，3775： | 1 |
| 12 | How long is the coast of Britain Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B | 1967 | Science1967，156，3775： | 1 |
| 13 | Robust R/S analysis of long run serial correlation显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B Taqqu M S | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 14 | Fractal analysis and synthesis of fracture surface roughness and related forms of complexity and disorder显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B | 2006 | International Journal of Fracture2006，138，14： | 1 |
| 15 | The Variation of Certain Speculative Prices显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B | 1963 | Journal of Business1963，36，： | 1 |
| 16 | How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B | 1967 | Science1967，156，3775： | 1 |
| 17 | How long is the coast of Britain- Statisticalself-similarity and fractional dimension显示文摘 | MANDELBROT B B | 1967 | Science1967，156，63： | 1 |
| 18 | Fractional Brownian Motion, Fractional Noise and Application显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B | 1968 | SIAM Rev1968，，10： | 1 |
| 19 | Information theory and psycholinguistics显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B | 1965 | BB Wolman and E1965，，： | 1 |
| 20 | How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self - similarity and fractional dimension 显示文摘 | Mandelbrot B B | 1967 | Science1967，，： | 1 |
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