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| 1 | Circular smooth muscle contributes to esophageal shortening during peristalsis显示文摘AIM:To study the angle between the circular smooth muscle(CSM) and longitudinal smooth muscle(LSM) fibers in the distal esophagus.METHODS:In order to identify possible mechanisms for greater shortening in the distal compared to proximal esophagus during peristalsis,the angles between the LSM and CSM layers were measured in 9 cadavers.The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis propria was exposed after stripping the outer serosa.The inner circular layer of the muscularis propria was then revealed after dissection of the esophageal mucosa and the underlying muscularis mucosa.Photographs of each specimen were taken with half of the open esophagus folded back showing both the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers.Angles were measured every one cm for 10 cm proximal to the squamocolumnar junction(SCJ) by two independent investigators.Two human esophagi were obtained from organ transplant donors and the angles between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers were measured using micro-computed tomography(micro CT) and Image J software.RESULTS:All data are presented as mean ± SE.The CSM to LSM angle at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to SCJ on the autopsy specimens was 69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 74.9 ± 3.09 degrees,P = 0.32.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ were statistically significantly lower than at 2,3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 82.58 ± 1.34 degrees,84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.013,P = 0.008,P = 0.004,P = 0.009 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ was also statistically significantly lower than the angles at 6,7 and 8 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 80.18 ± 2.09 degrees,81.81 ± 1.75 degrees and 80.96 ± 2.04 degrees,P = 0.05,P = 0.02,P = 0.03 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at 1 cm proximal to SCJ was statistically significantly lower than at 3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,74.94 ± 3.09 degrees vs 84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.019,P = 0.008,P = 0.02 respectively.At 10 cm above SCJ the angle was 80.06 ± 2.13 degrees which is close to being perpendicular but less than 90 degrees.The CSM to LSM angles measured on virtual dissection of the esophagus and the stomach on micro CT at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to the SCJ were 48.39 ± 0.72 degrees and 50.81 ± 1.59 degrees.Rather than the angle of the CSM and LSM being perpendicular in the esophagus we found an acute angulation between these two muscle groups throughout the lower 10 cm of the esophagus.CONCLUSION:The oblique angulation of the CSM may contribute to the significantly greater shortening of distal esophagus when compared to the mid and proximal esophagus during peristalsis. | Anil K Vegesna Keng-Yu Chuang Ramashesai Besetty Steven J Phillips Alan S Braverman Mary F Barbe Michael R Ruggieri Larry S Miller | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，32： | 7 |
| 2 | Insulinoma: pathophysiology, localization and management显示文摘 | Joyce J Shin Phillip Gorden Steven K Libutti | 2010 | Future Oncol2010，，2： | 2 |
| 3 | Market structure and Schumpeterian growth 显示文摘 | Lambson V Phillips K | 2007 | Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization2007，62，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Refinement of diagnostic assays for a probable causal mutation for porcine and human malignant hyperthermia显示文摘 | Otsu K Phillips M S Khanna V K | 1992 | Genomics1992，13，： | 1 |
| 5 | The Brown Assessment of Be- liefs Scale: Reliability and validity显示文摘 | Eisen J L Phillips K A Baer L | 1998 | Am J Psychiatry1998，155，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Determination of organic acids in Vaccinium berry standard reference materials显示文摘 | Phillips M M Case R J Rimmer C A Sander L C Sharpless K E Wise S A Yen J H | 2010 | Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry2010，398，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Friction modeling and compensation for an industrial robot显示文摘 | PHILLIPS S M BALLOU K R | 1993 | Journal of Robotic Systems1993，10，7： | 1 |
| 8 | Ischaemic stroke among young people aged 15 to 50 years in Adelaide, South Australia显示文摘 | PHILLIPS M C LEYDEN J M CHONG W K | 2011 | Med J Aust2011，195，10： | 1 |
| 9 | Dexamethasone in Cryptococcus gattii central nervous system infection显示文摘 | Phillips P Chapman K Sharp M | 2009 | Clinical infectious diseases2009，49，4： | 1 |
| 10 | In vitro absorption of amino acids by the smallintestine of sheep显示文摘 | Phillips W A Webb K E Fontenot J P | 1976 | Journal of Animal Science1976，42，： | 1 |
| 11 | Dose dependent alteraton in gene expression and testosterone synthesis in the fetal testes of male rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate 显示文摘 | Lehmann K P Phillips S Sar M | 2004 | Toxicol Sci2004，81，： | 1 |
| 12 | Adaptation of HIV-1to human leukocyte antigen class I显示文摘 | Kawashima Y Pfafferott K Frater J Matthews P Payne R Addo M Gatanaga H Fujiwara M Hachiya A Koizumi H Kuse N Oka S Duda A Prendergast A Crawford H Leslie A Brumme Z Brumme C Allen T Brander C Kaslow R Tang J Hunter E Allen S Mulenga J Branch S Roach T John M Mallal S Ogwu A Shapiro R Prado J G Fidler S Weber J Pybus O G Klenerman P Ndung'u T Phillips R Heckerman D Harrigan P R Walker B D Takiguchi M Goulder P | 2009 | Nature2009，458，7238： | 1 |
| 13 | Nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure decreases daytime sympathetic traffic in obstructive sleep apnea 显示文摘 | Narkiewicz K Kato M Phillips BG | 1999 | Circulation1999，100，23： | 1 |
| 14 | Serial surgical de-bridement: a retrospective study on clinical outcomes in chro-nic lower extremity wounds显示文摘 | Cardinal M Eisenbud DE Armstrong DG Zelen C DriverV Attinqer C Phillips T Harding K | 2009 | Wound Repair Reqen2009，17，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Measurement o{ sleep in critically ill patients显示文摘 | Richards K C O'Sullivan P S Phillips R L | 2001 | J Nuts Meas2001，8，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Reproduction in the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens 显示文摘 | Jackson G D Semmens J M Phillips K L | 2004 | Mar Biol2004，145，： | 1 |
| 17 | Optimal design of a class of welded structures using geometric programmingASME显示文摘 | Ragsdell K M Phillips D T | 1967 | Joumalof Engineering for Industries1967，，98： | 1 |
| 18 | The birth of the 'Kodak Moment': Institutional entrepreneurship and the adoption of new technologies显示文摘 | Munir K A Phillips N | 2005 | Organization Studies2005，26，11： | 1 |
| 19 | Role of CO2 in the formation of gold deposits显示文摘 | Phillips G N Evans K A | 2004 | Nature2004，429，： | 1 |
| 20 | Similar requirements of a plant symbiont and a mammalian pathogen for prolonged intracellular survival显示文摘 | Levier K R Phillips W Grippe V K | 2000 | Science2000，287，： | 1 |
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