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| 1 | The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands显示文摘The yak(Bos grunniens),an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level,is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability,livelihood security,socio-economic development,and ethnic cultural traditions in the Asian highlands.They provide the highlanders with meat,milk,fibres,leather and dung(fuel).They are also used as pack animals to transport goods,for travel and ploughing,and are important in many religious and traditional ceremonies.The Asian highlands are known for an extremely,harsh environment,namely low air temperature and oxygen content and high ultraviolet light and winds.Pasture availability fluctuates greatly,with sparse pasture of poor quality over the long seven-month cold winter.After longterm natural and artificial selections,yaks have adapted excellently to the harsh conditions:1)by genomics,with positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response and energy metabolism;2)anatomically,including a short tongue with a weak sense of taste,and large lung and heart;3)physiologically,by insensitivity to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,maintaining foetal haemoglobin throughout life,and low heart rate and heat production in the cold season;4)behaviourlly,by efficient grazing and selecting forbs with high nutritional contents;5)by low nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and low methane emission and nitrogen excretion,namely,‘Low-Carbon’and‘Nitrogen-Saving’traits;6)by harboring unique rumen microbiota with a distinct maturation pattern,that has coevolved with host metabolism.This review aims to provide an overview of the comprehensive adaptive strategies of the yak to the severe conditions of the highlands.A better understanding of these strategies that yaks employ to adapt to the harsh environment could be used in improving their production,breeding and management,and gaining benefits in ecosystem service and a more resilient livelihood to climate change in the Asian highlands. | Xiaoping Jing Luming Ding Jianwei Zhou Xiaodan Huang Allan Degen Ruijun Long | 2022 | Animal Nutrition2022，，2： | 2 |
| 2 | Reducing methane emissions and the methanogen population in the rumen of Tibetan sheep by dietary supplementation with coconut oil显示文摘 | Xuezhi Ding Ruijun Long Qian Zhang Xiaodan Huang Xusheng Guo Jiandui Mi | 2012 | Tropical Animal Health and Production2012，，： | 1 |
| 3 | Allelopathic effect ofAconitum pendulum (Ranunculaceae) on seed germination and seedlings of five native grass species in the Tibetan Plateau显示文摘 | Shang Zhanhuan Tang Yah Long Ruijun | 2011 | Nordic Journal of Botany2011，29，： | 1 |
| 4 | The role of rumen epithelial urea transport proteins in urea nitrogen salvage:A review显示文摘The symbiotic relationship between the host and the rumen microbiome plays a crucial role in ruminant physiology.One of the most important processes enabling this relationship is urea nitrogen salvaging(UNS).This process is important for both maintaining ruminant nitrogen balance and supporting production of their major energy supply,bacterially-derived short chain fatty acids(SCFA).The key step in UNS is the trans-epithelial movement of urea across the ruminal wall and this is a highly regulated process.At the molecular level,the key transport route is via the facilitative urea transporter-B2,localized to ruminal papillae epithelial layers.Additional urea transport through aquaporins(AQP),such as AQP3,is now also viewed as important.Long-term regulation of these ruminal urea transport proteins appears to mainly involve dietary fermentable carbohydrates;whereas,transepithelial urea transport is finely regulated by local conditions,such as CO_(2) levels,pH and SCFA concentration.Although the key principles of ruminal urea transport physiology are now understood,there remains much that is unknown regarding the regulatory pathways.One reason for this is the limited number of techniques currently used in many studies in the field.Therefore,future research in this area that combines a greater range of techniques could facilitate improvements to livestock efficiency,and potentially,reductions in the levels of waste nitrogen entering the environment. | Chongliang Zhong Ruijun Long Gavin S.Stewart | 2022 | Animal Nutrition2022，，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Formation causes and recover y of the 'Black Soil Type' degraded alpine grassland in Qing hal Tibetan Plateau显示文摘 | Shang Zhanhuan Long Ruijun | 2007 | Frontiers of Agriculture in China2007，1，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Establishment of Elymus natans improves soil quality of a heavily degraded alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China显示文摘 | Ruizhang Feng Ruijun Long Zhanhuan Shang Yushou Ma Shikui Dong Yanlong Wang | 2010 | Plant and Soil (-)2010，，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Effects of altitude on plant-species diversity and productivity in an alpine meadow,Qinghai Tibetan plateau显示文摘 | Wang Changting Long Ruijun Wang Qiji | 2007 | Australian Journal of Botany2007，55，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Fertilization and litter effects on the functional group biomass, species diversity of plants, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity of two alpine meadow communities显示文摘 | Changting Wang Ruijun Long Qilan Wang Wei Liu Zengchun Jing Li Zhang | 2010 | Plant and Soil (-)2010，，1： | 1 |
| 9 | An application of the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy logic inference in a decision support system for forage selection显示文摘 | Sun Juan Chen Quangong Long Ruijun | 2004 | New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research2004，47，： | 1 |
| 10 | A comparison of average daily gain,apparent digestibilities,energy balance,rumen fermentation parameters,and serum metabolites between yaks(Bos grunniens)and Qaidam cattle(Bos taurus)consuming diets differing in energy level显示文摘Yaks(Bos grunniens),indigenous to the harsh Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,are well adapted to the severe conditions,and graze natural pasture without supplements all year round.Qaidam cattle(Bos taurus),introduced to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 1,700 years ago,are raised at a lower altitude than yaks,provided with shelter at night and offered supplements in winter.Based on their different backgrounds,we hypothesized that yaks have lower energy requirements for maintenance than cattle.To test this hypothesis,we measured average daily gain(ADG),apparent digestibilities,energy balance,rumen fermentation parameters,and serum metabolites in growing yaks and cattle offered diets differing in metabolizable energy(ME)levels(6.62,8.02,9.42 and 10.80 MJ/kg),but with the same crude protein concentration.Six castrated yaks(155±5.8 kg)and 6 castrated Qaidam cattle(154±8.0 kg),all 2.5 years old,were used in 2 concurrent 4×4 Latin square designs.Neutral and acid detergent fiber digestibilities were greater(P<0.05)in yaks than in cattle,and decreased linearly(P<0.05)with increasing dietary energy level;whereas,digestibilities of dry matter,organic matter,crude protein and ether extract increased(P<0.05)linearly with increasing energy level.The ADG was greater(P<0.001)in yaks than in cattle,and increased(P<0.05)linearly with increasing energy levels.From the regressions of ADG on ME intake,the estimated ME requirement for maintenance was lower(P<0.05)in yaks than in cattle(0.43 vs.0.57 MJ/kg BW0.75).The ratios of digestible energy(DE):gross energy and ME:DE were higher(P<0.05)in yaks than in cattle,and increased(P<0.05)linearly with increasing dietary energy level.Ruminal pH decreased(P<0.05),whereas concentrations of total volatile fatty acids(VFAs)and ammonia increased(P<0.01)with increasing dietary energy level,and all were greater(P<0.05)in yaks than in cattle.Concentrations of ruminal acetate and iso-VFAs were greater(P<0.05),whereas propionate was lower(P<0.05)in yaks than in cattle;acetate decreased(P<0.001),whereas butyrate and propionate increased(P<0.001)linearly with increasing dietary energy level.Serum concentrations ofβ-hydroxybutyrate were lower(interaction,P<0.001)in yaks than in cattle fed diets of 9.42 and 10.80 MJ/kg,whereas non-esterified fatty acids were greater(interaction,P<0.01)in yaks than in cattle fed diets of 6.62 and 8.02 MJ/kg.Concentrations of serum leptin and growth hormone were greater in yaks than in cattle and serum insulin and growth hormone increased(P<0.01)linearly with increasing dietary energy level.Our hypothesis that yaks have lower energy requirements for maintenance than cattle was supported.This lower requirement confers an advantage to yaks over Qaidam cattle in consuming low energy diets during the long winter on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. | Hu Liu Jianwei Zhou Allan Degen Hongshan Liu Xuliang Cao Lizhuang Hao Zhanhuan Shang Tao Ran Ruijun Long | 2023 | Animal Nutrition2023，，1： | 0 |
| 11 | Preventive behaviours and family inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic:a cross-sectional study in China显示文摘Background The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is an international public health threat,and people's participation in disease-related preventive behaviours is the key to controlling infectious diseases.This study aimed to assess the differences in adopting preventive behaviours among populations to explore potential individual and household factors and inequalities within families.Methods This online survey was conducted in April 2020.The directional stratified convenient sampling method was used to select 4704 participants from eight provinces in eastern,central,and western China.The questionnaire included demographic information,household variables,and five target prevention behaviours.The chi-squared test,binary multilevel model,and Mantel–Haenszel hierarchical analysis were used for data analysis in the study.Results Approximately 71.2%of the participants had appropriate outdoor prevention,and 32.9%of the participants had indoor protection in place.Sharing behaviours(P<0.001)and education level(P<0.001)were positively associated with adopting preventive measures.The inhibiting effect of household crowding and stimulating effect of high household income on preventive behaviours were determined in this study.Household size was negatively associated with living area(β=-0.057,P<0.05)and living style(β=-0.077,P<0.05).Household income was positively associated with age(β=0.023,P<0.05),and relationship with friends(β=0.053,P<0.05).Vulnerable groups,such as older adults or women,are more likely to have inadequate preventive behaviours.Older adults(OR=1.53,95%CI 1.09–2.15),women(OR=1.37,95%CI 1.15–1.64),and those with more than 2 suspected symptoms(OR=1.85,95%CI 1.07–3.19)were more likely to be affected by the inhibiting effect of household crowding,while the stimulating effect of high household income was limited in these groups.Conclusions Inequalities in COVID-19 prevention behaviours exist between families and inadequate adoption of prevention by vulnerable groups are noteworthy.This study expands the research perspective by emphasizing the role of household factors in preventive behaviours and by focusing on family inequalities.The government should use traditional media as a platform to enhance residents’public health knowledge.Targeted additional wage subsidies,investments in affordable housing,financial support for multigenerational households,and temporary relocation policies may deserve more attention.Communities could play a critical role in COVID-19 prevention. | Yisheng Ye Ruijun Wu Yao Ge Tao Wang Xin Yao Yao Yang Chengxu Long Fangfei Chen Shangfeng Tang Rui Huang | 2021 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2021，10，4： | 0 |
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