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| 1 | Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining “biofilm”,“acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis”, “the immune proteome” and “local antibiotic therapy”显示文摘Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bone. While the frequency of infection following elective orthopedic surgery is low, rates of reinfection are disturbingly high. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for the majority of chronic osteomyelitis cases and is often considered to be incurable due to bacterial persistence deep within bone. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on clinical classifications of osteomyelitis and the ensuing treatment algorithm. Given the high patient morbidity,mortality, and economic burden caused by osteomyelitis, it is important to elucidate mechanisms of bone infection to inform novel strategies for prevention and curative treatment. Recent discoveries in this field have identified three distinct reservoirs of bacterial biofilm including: Staphylococcal abscess communities in the local soft tissue and bone marrow, glycocalyx formation on implant hardware and necrotic tissue, and colonization of the osteocyte-lacuno canalicular network(OLCN) of cortical bone. In contrast, S.aureus intracellular persistence in bone cells has not been substantiated in vivo, which challenges this mode of chronic osteomyelitis. There have also been major advances in our understanding of the immune proteome against S. aureus, from clinical studies of serum antibodies and media enriched for newly synthesized antibodies(MENSA), which may provide new opportunities for osteomyelitis diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Finally, novel therapies such as antimicrobial implant coatings and antibiotic impregnated 3D-printed scaffolds represent promising strategies for preventing and managing this devastating disease. Here, we review these recent advances and highlight translational opportunities towards a cure. | Elysia A. Masters Ryan P. Trombetta Karen L. de Mesy Bentley Brendan F Boyce Ann Lindley Gill Steven R. Gill Kohei Nishitani Masahiro Ishikawa Yugo Morita Hiromu Ito Sheila N. Bello-Irizarry Mark Ninomiya James D. Brodell Jr. Charles C. Lee Stephanie P. Hao Irvin Oh Chao Xie Hani A. Awad John L. Daiss John R. Owen Stephen L. Kates Edward M. Schwarz Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan | 2019 | Bone Research2019，7，3： | 19 |
| 2 | Osteoclast fusion and regulation by RANKL-dependent and independent factors显示文摘Osteoclasts are the bone resorbing cells essential for bone remodeling.Osteoclasts are formed from hematopoietic progenitors in the monocyte/macrophage lineage.Osteoclastogenesis is composed of several steps including progenitor survival,differentiation to mononuclear pre-osteoclasts,fusion to multi-nuclear mature osteoclasts,and activation to bone resorbing osteoclasts.The regulation of osteoclastogenesis has been extensively studied,in which the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand(RANKL)-mediated signaling pathway and downstream transcription factors play essential roles.However,less is known about osteoclast fusion,which is a property of mature osteoclasts and is required for osteoclasts to resorb bone.Several proteins that affect cell fusion have been identified.Among them,dritic cell-specific transmembrane protein(DC-STAMP)is directly associated to osteoclast fusion in vivo.Cytokines and factors influence osteoclast fusion through regula-tion of DC-STAMP.Here we review the recently discovered new factors that regulate osteoclast fusion with specific focus on DC-STAMP.A better understanding of the mechanistic basis of osteoclast fusion will lead to the development of a new therapeutic strategy for bone disorders due to elevated osteoclast bone resorption.Cell-cell fusion is essential for a variety of cellular biological processes.In mammals,there is a limited number of cell types that fuse to form multinucleated cells,such as the fusion of myoblasts for the formation of skeletal muscle and the fusion of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage for the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and giant cells.In most cases,cellcell fusion is beneficial for cells by enhancing function.Myoblast fusion increases myofiber size and diameter and thereby increases contractile strength.Multinucleated osteoclasts have far more bone resorbing activity than their mono-nuclear counterparts.Multinucleated giant cells are much more efficient in the removal of implanted materials and bacteria due to chronic infection than macrophages.Therefore,they are also called foreign-body giant cells.Cell fusion is a complicated process involving cell migration,chemotaxis,cell-cell recognition and attachment,as well as changes into a fusion-competent status.All of these steps are regulated by multiple factors.In this review,we will discuss osteoclast fusion and regulation. | Lianping Xing Yan Xiu Brendan F Boyce | 2012 | World Journal of Orthopedics2012，3，12： | 14 |
| 3 | Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points显示文摘 | Brendan J F Delbert D | 2007 | Science2007，315，16： | 1 |
| 4 | ZapA,a virulence factor in a rat model of Proteus mirabilis induced acute and chronic prostatitis显示文摘 | Van P Robert B Brendan F G | 2008 | Infect Immun2008，11，： | 1 |
| 5 | Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns显示文摘 | Adam R Martin F Brendan L | 2005 | ACM Transactions on Graphics2005，24，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making显示文摘 | Brendan F Kerry T R Paul M | 2009 | Ecological Economics2009，68，： | 1 |
| 7 | Low-molecular weight heparin for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients: results from a cost-effectiveness analysis显示文摘 | Andrew F Shorr William L Jackson Brendan M Weiss Lisa K Moores | 2007 | Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis2007，，4： | 1 |
| 8 | Structured three-dimensional optical phantom for optical coherence tomography 显示文摘 | Curatolo Andrea Kennedy Brendan F Sampson David D | 2011 | Optics Express(S1094-4087)2011，19，19： | 1 |
| 9 | Solubility of p-t-butylcalixarenes in supercritical carbon dioxide:a comparison of static and dynamic measurement techniques显示文摘 | BRENDAN F G ANTHONY F L THOMAS J B | 1998 | Fluid Phase Equilibria1998，15，0151： | 1 |
| 10 | Factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm 显示文摘 | FRANK R K BRENDAN J F HANS A L | 2001 | IEEE Trans- actions on information theory2001，47，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Clustering by Passing Messages between Data Points显示文摘 | BRENDAN J F DELBERT D | 2007 | Science2007，，315： | 1 |
| 12 | Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns显示文摘 | ADAM R MARTIN F BRENDAN L | 2005 | ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)2005，24，3： | 1 |
| 13 | ZapA,A Virulence Factor in a Rat Model of Proteus Mirabilis-Induced Acute and Chronic Prostatitis显示文摘 | VAN P ROBERT B BRENDAN F G | | 0，，11： | 1 |
| 14 | ISBAR for clear communica- tion:one hospital's experience spreading the message显示文摘 | Monica A F Stuart D M Brendan T F | 2010 | Australian Health Review2010，34，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Clustering by passing messages between data points显示文摘 | Brendan J F Delbert D | 2007 | Science2007，315，16： | 1 |
| 16 | Osteoclasts have multiple roles in bone in addition to bone resorption 显示文摘 | Brendan F Yao Z Xing L | 2009 | Crit Rev Eakaryot Gene Expr2009，19，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Leptospiral proteins recognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis in humans 显示文摘 | Hygia G Julio C Brendan F | 2001 | Infect lmmun2001，69，8： | 1 |
| 18 | Processing, Microstructure, and Residual Stress Effects on Strength and Fatigue Crack Growth Properties in Friction Stir Welding: A Review显示文摘 | Biro Andrew L Chenelle Brendan F Lados Diana A | 2012 | Metallurgical and Materials Transactions2012，，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Defining and classifying ecosystem Services for decision making显示文摘 | BRENDAN F KERRY T R PAUL M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 20 | Ecclesiastical Origin of the Use显示文摘 | Brendan F Brown | | 0，，10： | 1 |
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