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| 1 | Causes and consequences of the Cambrian explosion显示文摘The Cambrian explosion has long been a basic research frontier that concerns many scientific fields.Here we discuss the cause-effect links of the Cambrian explosion on the basis of first appearances of animal phyla in the fossil record,divergence time,environmental changes,Gene Regulatory Networks,and ecological feedbacks.The first appearances of phyla in the fossil record are obviously diachronous but relatively abrupt,concentrated in the first three stages of the Cambrian period(541–514 Ma).The actual divergence time may be deep or shallow.Since the gene regulatory networks(GRNs)that control the development of metazoans were in place before the divergence,the establishment of GRNs is necessary but insufficient for the Cambrian explosion.Thus the Cambrian explosion required environmental triggers.Nutrient availability,oxygenation,and change of seawater composition were potential environmental triggers.The nutrient input,e.g.,the phosphorus enrichment in the environment,would cause excess primary production,but it is not directly linked with diversity or disparity.Further increase of oxygen level and change of seawater composition during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition were probably crucial environmental factors that caused the Cambrian explosion,but more detailed geochemical data are required.Many researchers prefer that the Cambrian explosion is an ecological phenomenon,that is,the unprecedented ecological success of metazoans during the Early Cambrian,but ecological effects need diverse and abundant animals.Therefore,the establishment of the ecological complexity among animals,and between animals and environments,is a consequence rather than a cause of the Cambrian explosion.It is no doubt that positive ecological feedbacks could facilitate the increase of biodiversity.In a word,the Cambrian explosion happened when environmental changes crossed critical thresholds,led to the initial formation of the metazoan-dominated ecosystem through a series of knock-on ecological processes,i.e.,'ecological snowball'effects. | ZHANG XingLiang SHU DeGan | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，5： | 17 |
| 2 | A New Platy-armored Worm from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte,South China显示文摘The Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte provides a good window to explore the origin and radiation of early bilaterians. Here we describe a netted sclerite-bearing worm Tabelliscolex hexagonus gen. et sp. nov., and tentatively assign it to palaeoscolecidans of priapulids. The cuticle of the animal is covered with two kinds of platy sclerites which are constructed by hexagonally arranged tubercles. Similar structures of the sclerites can be seen on some Cambrian palaeoscolecidans and lobopods, so, this new species is critical for understanding the relationships between lobopods and palaeoscolecidans. | HAN Jian, ZHANG Xingliang, ZHANG Zhifei and SHU Degan Early Life Institute and Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, | 2003 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2003，77，1： | 15 |
| 3 | The earliest-known ancestors of Recent Priapulomorpha from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte显示文摘The taxonomy of an early ancestor of Recent Priapulidae, Xiaoheiqingella peculiaris (= Yunnanpriapulus halteroformis Huang et al., 2004) from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang fossil Lagerst?tte, is revised. Morphological characters comprise a pair of caudal appendages rather than a single appendage flanking the trunk end and a possible urogenital duct found inside the preanal region. An addi- tional extremely rare fossil priapulid worm, Paratubiluchus bicaudatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is also described herein. Its diagnostic characters are: an introvert bearing 25 longitudi- nal rows of scalids, a distinct neck region, no annulus on the oval trunk, and a pair of caudal appendages. The proportion of body parts is similar in size to that of loricate larvae of Recent priapulids and larva-formed Palaeopriapulitidae. Taking account of the features of Xiaoheiqingella, bicaudal appendages are considered to be a synapomorphy of Pri- apulidae and Tubiluchidae. Paratubiluchus gen. nov. is most likely a candidate for the ancestor of the Tubiluchidae; it probably originated from a larva-formed priapulid with 25 rows of scalids, thus representing an intermediate link be- tween the priapulids in mature-form and the priapulids with lorica. | HAN Jian SHU Degan ZHANG Zhifei LIU Jianni | 2004 | Chinese Science Bulletin2004，49，17： | 12 |
| 4 | A paleontological perspective of vertebrate origin显示文摘The Early Cambrian Haikouichthys and Haikouella have been claimed to be related to contribute in an important way to our understanding of vertebrate origin, but there have been heated debates about how exactly they are to be interpreted. New discoveries of numerous speci-mens of Haikouichthys not only confirm the identity of pre-viously described structures such as the dorsal and the ven-tral fins, and chevron-shaped myomeres, but also reveal many new important characteristics, including sensory or-gans of the head (e.g. large eyes), and a prominent notochord with differentiated vertebral elements. This 揻irst fish?ap-pears, however, to retain primitive reproductive features of acraniates, suggesting that it is a stem-group craniates. A new order (Myllokunmingiida) and a new family (Myllo-kunmingiidae) are erected, and a new species, Zhongjianich-thys rostratus (gen. et sp. nov.), is described herein. Over 1400 newly-discovered specimens of Haikouella provide a wealth of anatomical information on this organism. It differs from chordates in many organs and organ systems, including the skin, muscles, respiratory, circulatory and nervous sys-tems. In contrast, its body-design resembles that of vetuli-colians, and the presence of a 搕ransitional?nervous system with both dorsal and ventral nerve cords suggests an affinity with living hemichordates. On the basis of these and other recent findings of fossil deuterostomes, a five-step hypothesis for vertebrate origin is proposed, intended to bridge the long- standing gap between protostomes and vertebrates. Four of the five steps accord with established ideas current in modern evolutionary zoology. Evidence for the first step is obtainable only from fossils, and specifically from fossils found from South China, hence the crucial importance of S. China sites for our understanding of early vertebrate origins and evolution. Accordingly, South China is suggested as the oldest-known birthplace of the whole vertebrates. | SHU Degan Early Life Institute & Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi抋n, 710069, China School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China (e-mail: elidgshu@ nwn.edu.cn) | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，8： | 11 |
| 5 | On the Phylum Vetulicolia显示文摘The origins and radiations of metazoans, bilat- erians, deuterostomes and vertebrates have been recognized as the four most important milestone events in animal his- tory and, conversely four of the toughest and puzzling ques- tions in evolutionary biology. Among them, the first two oc- curred in the deep time of the Precambrian and have left little information in the fossil records. Fortunately, intensive investigation into the Early Cambrian Chengjiang faunas in the past two decades have revealed numerous significant data on the main episode of the Cambrian Explosion, par- ticularly information on the various earliest-known deu- terostomes, leading to a much better understanding of the last two events. The “first fish” Haikouichthys and Myllo- kunmingia have been proved the oldest-known vertebrates, and to be among the most primitive ones, representing a key transitional group from acraniates to craniates. Indeed, “Pa- leontological work of Shu and collaborators is revising our understanding of the early evolution of chordates”. Moreover, the discovery of the Phylum Vetulicolia may also throw new light on the origin of deuterostomes. This extinct group with simple gill slits might represent one of the roots in the deu- terostome lineage, as the evidence of molecular biology and developmental biology has predicted. Here the first discovery of tiny vetulicolians from the Chengjiang Lagerst?tte is re- ported. The evolutionary trend from the giant to the small might represent a special adaptation in early animal history. Since all vetulicolians share similar characters in their ante- rior section (pharynx), and on the basis of differences in their posterior section, a new classification system is proposed, with a new class, the Heteromorphida erected. As both the “root” group vetulicolians and the “top” group vertebrates in the early deuterostome lineage, as well as those members in between, such as vetulocystids, yunnanozoans, cephalo- chordates and urochordates, have been recovered, a rela- tively complete early deuterostome phylogeny, which is compatible with phylogenies of extant deuterostomes, is nearly mature. | SHU Degan | 2005 | Chinese Science Bulletin2005，50，20： | 10 |
| 6 | Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan显示文摘The rapid rise of arthropods during the Cambrian quickly established some clades, such as the euarthropod stem-group called Radiodonta, as the dominant and most diverse predators in marine ecosystems. Recent discoveries have shown that the size and dietary ecology of radiodontans are far more diverse than previously thought, but little is known about the feeding habits of juveniles. Here, we document a very small(~18-mm-long), near-complete specimen of the radiodontan Lyrarapax unguispinus from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of China. This specimen is the smallest radiodontan individual known,representing a juvenile instar. Its adult-like morphology—especially the fully developed spinose frontal appendages and tetraradial oral cone—indicates that L. unguispinus was a well-equipped predator at an early developmental stage, similar to modern raptorial euarthropods, such as mantises, mantis shrimps and arachnids. This evidence, coupled with the basal phylogenetic position of radiodontans, confirms that raptorial feeding habits in juvenile euarthropods appeared early in the evolutionary history of the group. | Jianni Liu Rudy Lerosey-Aubril Michael Steiner Jason A. Dunlop Degan Shu John R. Paterson | 2018 | National Science Review2018，5，6： | 8 |
| 7 | Fossil Association from the Lower Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation in the Yangtze Gorges Area,Hubei,South China显示文摘摘要:除了以前报导的小壳的石块(SSF ) ,一个宏观的石块集合,包括的丰富的水藻,锥形的管状的石块形式,和可能的印象一放大了后生动物,在西方的湖北省的 Yangtze 峡区域来自更低的寒武纪的 Yanjiahe 形成,华南。可见石块在 thinlaminated siltstone 被保存或泥泞 siltstone 在 815 公里厚的碳酸盐存款之间设置了,浅水里的抑制本地消沉的可能代表的沉积背景在早寒武纪的 Meishucunian 阶段期间焦化站台。宏观的石块协会关于生活的进化提供重要石块证据从对寒武纪的爆炸间隔晚前寒武纪。 | GUO Junfeng LI Yong HAN Jian ZHANG Xingliang ZHANG Zhifei OU Qiang LIU Jianni SHU Degan Shigenori MARUYAMA Tsuyoshi KOMIYA | 2008 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2008，82，6： | 8 |
| 8 | Preliminary notes on soft-bodied fossil concentrations from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits显示文摘The efforts of labor-intensive collecting in the Early Cambrian Chengjiang deposits in eastern Yunnan Province, China led to the discovery of many horizons containing exceptionally well preserved soft-bodied fossil concentrations, many of which can be assigned to either monospecific concentrations or paucispecific concentrations. The features of these fossil concentrations support the hypothesis that frequent storm events producing tempestites mainly contributed to the preservation of abundant soft- bodied fossils in the Chengjiang deposits, and indi- cate that the balance of the ecological web in this region was probably frequently destroyed or upset by such storm events during that geological time. Ani- mals in a fossil assemblage in such fossil concentra- tions probably occupied similar ecological biotopes. | HAN Jian SHU Degan ZHANG Zhifei LIU Jianni ZHANG Xingliang YAO Yang | 2006 | Chinese Science Bulletin2006，51，20： | 6 |
| 9 | New observations of the lobopod-like worm Facivermis from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte显示文摘Facivermis yunnanicus (Hou & Chen, 1989), from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lager- st?tte, a worm-like fossil with 5 pairs of tentacles and a perceived shrunken end, has been regarded as related to polychaetes, later it has been variously interpreted as lobopods, Pentastoma and lopho- phorates. Newly discovered complete specimens by the ELI field team show that the taxon has, in addition to the 5 pairs of appendages, a pear-shaped trunk end bearing two or three circles of hooks. Accordingly, based on these important morphological characters, reconsideration of its affinities is provided and the taxonomy is remedied herein. Because the five pairs of appendages of Facivermis yunnanicus resemble the appendages of the fore-trunk of lobopod Mi- raluolishania (Liu & Shu, 2004), it seems that they are homologous structures. Therefore, the affinities of Facivermis are regarded here as being close to the lobopods, in addition, the lobe-like appendages of Facivermis are very crucial to exploring the origin of the appendages of lobopods and arthropods. | LIU Jianni HAN Jian SIMONETTAA. M. HU Shixue ZHANG Zhifei YAO Yang SHU Degan | 2006 | Chinese Science Bulletin2006，51，3： | 5 |
| 10 | Are hyoliths Palaeozoic lophophorates?显示文摘The phylogenetic position of hyoliths has long been unsettled,with recent discoveries of a tentaculate feeding apparatus('lophophore')and fleshy apical extensions from the shell('pedicle')suggesting a lophophorate affinity.Here,we describe the first soft parts associated with the feeding apparatus of an orthothecid hyolith,Triplicatella opimus from the Chengjiang biota of South China.The tuft-like arrangement of the tentacles of T.opimus differs from that of hyolithids:suggesting they collected food directly from the substrate.A reassessment of the feeding organ in hyolithids indicates that it does not represent a lophophore and our analysis of the apical structures associated with some orthothecids show that these represent crushed portions of the shell and are not comparable to the brachiopod pedicle.The new information suggests that hyoliths are more likely to be basal members of the lophotrochozoans rather than lophophorates closely linked with the Phylum Brachiopoda. | Fan Liu Christian B Skovsted Timothy P Topper Zhifei Zhang Degan Shu | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，2： | 5 |
| 11 | Comparative study of Cambrian lobopods Miraluolishania and Luolishania显示文摘The rare fossil Miraluolishania described by Liu et al. from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagersttte in 2004 is regarded as an arthropod sphinx because it bears mosaic features of both lobopods and arthropods. The discovery of this rare transitional form offers direct fossil evidence for exploring the relationship between lobopods and arthropods. However, some scientists consider Miraluolishania to be a junior synonym of Luolishania because the former superficially resembles the latter in general appearance. Considering the significant differences between the two taxa, a thorough comparative study of Miraluolishania and Luolishania leads to the conclusion that there are definitely two different genera. Nevertheless, the 'Luolishania' of the Haikou area is indeed 'Miraluolishania', whereas Luol-ishania is most likely the typical genus of the Maotianshan area of Chengjiang County. | LIU JianNi SHU DeGan HAN Jian ZHANG ZhiFei | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，1： | 3 |
| 12 | A venomous arthropod in the Early Cambrian Sea显示文摘A number of recently evolved animals possess poison glands for feeding and/or defense.However,examples of such animals are rare in the fossil record.We report a fossil arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota of China.This species is regarded as the oldest known venomous arthropod based on the presence of venomous glands in its head region.The adult animal is 2-5 cm long and the body is covered entirely with a carapace.The presence of large stalk eyes and a pair of stout grasping appendages with a terminal spine suggest it was raptorial.Interestingly,the two pear-shaped,three-dimensionally preserved objects that are present in the head region and at the base of the grasping appendages closely resemble the venom glands of some living arthropods in size,shape,and position.These features indicate that the presence of venomous predators could date back 520 million years.Furthermore,our observations suggest that the feeding strategies and organs adapted for this purpose had already reached a high level of diversity and anatomical sophistication in the Early Cambrian ecosystems. | FU DongJing ZHANG XingLiang SHU DeGan | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，15： | 2 |
| 13 | Genotoxic activity of glyphosate and its technical formulation round- up显示文摘 | BOLOGNESI C BONATI'I S DEGAN P | 1997 | Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry1997，45，5： | 1 |
| 14 | A New Anticollision Algorithm for RFID Tag显示文摘 | Zhang Degan Li Guang Pan Zhaohua | 2014 | International Journal of Communication Systems2014，27，11： | 1 |
| 15 | Endothelial progenitor cells in patients with essential hypertension 显示文摘 | Delva P Degan M Vallerio P | 2007 | J Hypertens2007，25，： | 1 |
| 16 | Tissue dose, DNA adducts, oxidative DNA damage and CYP1A-immunopositive proteins in mussels exposed to waterborne benzo[ a ]pyrene显示文摘 | S Canova P Degan L.D Peters D.R Livingstone R Voltan P Venier | 1998 | Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis1998，，1： | 1 |
| 17 | A new medium access control protocol based on perceived data reliability and spatial correlation in wireless sensor network显示文摘 | Degan Zhang Chen-peng Zhao Yan-pin Liang Zhao-jing Liu | 2012 | Computers and Electrical Engineering2012，，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Migraine in women:the role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases显示文摘 | Simona Sacco Silvia Ricci Diana Degan | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 19 | Redox history of the Three Gorges region during the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian as indicated by the Fe isotope显示文摘The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition is characterized by numerous events such as the emergence of large multi-cellular metazoans and surface environmental disturbances.Based on geological evidence,it has been proposed that this transition coincided with the increase in the atmospheric oxygen level that was key to the evolution of life.Even though ancient redox conditions can be inferred from the composition of sedimentary iron mineral species,this method is not necessarily applicable to all rocks.In the Earth system,the cycling of iron is of considerable interest owing to its sensitivity to redox conditions.Information regarding the paleo-oceanic iron cycle is revealed in the iron isotopic composition of ironbearing minerals.Unfortunately,only limited iron isotopic data exists for Ediacaran-to Cambrianperiod oceans.To circumvent this deficiency,we drilled a fossiliferous Ediacaran to Early Cambrian sedimentary succession in the Three Gorges region,South China.We analyzed the iron isotope ratios(δ^(56/54)Fe)of pyrite grains in the drill cores using laser ablation multi collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The results demonstrate large variations inδ^(56/54)Fe,from-1.6 to 1.6‰,and positive iron isotope ratios are observed in many successions.The presence of positiveδ^(56/54)Fe in pyrite indicates that the ferrous iron in the seawater was partially oxidized,suggesting that seawater at Three Gorges was ferruginous during the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian periods.However,aggregated pyrite grains in organic carbon-rich black shales at Member 4 of the Doushantuo Formation and the base of the Shuijingtuo Formation yield near-zeroδ^(56/54)Fe values;this suggests that the ocean was transiently dominated by sulfidic conditions during these periods.Notably negativeδ^(56/54)Fe values,lower than-1‰,can be interpreted as a signature of DIR.The DIR also might contribute in part to the re-mineralization of organic matter during the largest negative carbon isotope anomaly in the Ediacaran. | Yusuke Sawaki Miyuki Tahata Tsuyoshi Komiya Takafumi Hirata Jian Han Degan Shu | 2018 | Geoscience Frontiers2018，9，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Zooplankton, phytoplankton and the microbial food web in two turbid and two clearwater shallow lakes in Belgium显示文摘 | Muylaert K Declerck S Geenens V Wichelen J V Degans H Vandekerkbove J Gucht K V Vloemans N Rornmens W Rejas D Urrutia R Sabbe K Gillis M Deeleer W Meester L D Vyverman W | 2003 | Aquatic Ecology2003，37，： | 1 |
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