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| 1 | Liver transplantation and alcoholic liver disease:History,controversies,and considerations显示文摘Alcohol consumption accounts for 3.8% of annual global mortality worldwide, and the majority of these deaths are due to alcoholic liver disease(ALD), mainly alcoholic cirrhosis. ALD is one of the most common indications for liver transplantation(LT). However, it remains a complicated topic on both medical and ethical grounds, as it is seen by many as a 'self-inflicted disease'. One of the strongest ethical arguments against LT for ALD is the probability of relapse. However, ALD remains a common indication for LT worldwide. For a patient to be placed on an LT waiting list, 6 mo of abstinence must have been achieved for most LT centers. However, this '6-mo rule' is an arbitrary threshold and has never been shown to affect survival, sobriety, or other outcomes. Recent studies have shown similar survival rates among individuals who undergo LT for ALD and those who undergo LT for other chronic causes of end-stage liver disease. There are specific factors that should be addressed when evaluating LT patients with ALD because these patients commonly have a high prevalence of multisystem alcohol-related changes. Risk factors for relapse include the presence of anxiety or depressive disorders, short pre-LT duration of sobriety, and lack of social support. Identification of risk factors and strengthening of the social support system may decrease relapse among these patients. Family counseling for LT candidates is highly encouraged to prevent alcohol consumption relapse. Relapse has been associated with unique histopathological changes, graft damage, graft loss, and even decreased survival in some studies. Research has demonstrated the importance of a multidisciplinary evaluation of LT candidates. Complete abstinence should be attempted to overcome addiction issues and to allow spontaneous liver recovery. Abstinence is the cornerstone of ALD therapy. Psychotherapies, including 12-step facilitation therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement therapy, help support abstinence. Nutritional therapy helps to reverse muscle wasting, weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, and trace element deficiencies associated with ALD. For muscular recovery, supervised physical activity has been shown to lead to a gain in muscle mass and improvement of functional activity. Early LT for acute alcoholic hepatitis has been the subject of recent clinical studies, with encouraging results in highly selected patients. The survival rates after LT for ALD are comparable to those of patients who underwent LT for other indications. Patients that undergo LT for ALD and survive over 5 years have a higher risk of cardiorespiratory disease, cerebrovascular events, and de novo malignancy. | Claudio Augusto Marroni Alfeu de Medeiros Fleck Jr Sabrina Alves Fernandes Lucas Homercher Galant Marcos Mucenic Mario Henrique de Mattos Meine Guilherme Mariante-Neto Ajacio Bandeira de Mello Brandao | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，26： | 7 |
| 2 | Biological activity of lycopene metabolites: implications for cancer prevention 显示文摘 | Mein JR Lian F Wang XD | 2008 | Nutr Rev2008，66，12： | 1 |
| 3 | A short C-terminal sequence is necessary and sufficient for targeting of chitinases to the plant vacuole显示文摘 | Neuhaus J-M Sticher L Meins F Jr | 1991 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1991，88，10： | 1 |
| 4 | Antisense-transformation reveals novel roles for class Ⅰ β-1,3-glucanase in tobacco seed after-ripening and photodormancy显示文摘 | Leubner-Metzger G Meins F Jr | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Ethylene regulation of 13-1,3-glu- canase in tobacco 显示文摘 | Felix G Meins F Jr | 1987 | Plants1987，172，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Developmental and hormonal regula- tion of 13-1,3-glucanase in tobacco 显示文摘 | Felix G Meins F Jr | 1986 | Plants1986，167，2： | 1 |
| 7 | RNA degradation and models for posttranscriptional gene silencing显示文摘 | Meins F Jr | 2000 | Plant Mol Biol2000，43，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Regulation of a plant pathogenesis-related enzyme: Inhibition of ehitinase and ehitinase mRNA accumulation in cultured tobacco tissues by auxin and cytokinin 显示文摘 | Shinshi H Mohnen D Meins F Jr | 1987 | Proceedings of the National A- cademy of Sciences USA1987，84，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Sense transformation re- veals a novel role for class I 13-1,3-glueanase in tobacco seed germination 显示文摘 | Leubner-Metzger G Meins F Jr | 2000 | The Plant Journal2000，23，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Antisense-transformation reveals novel roles for class Ⅰβ 1,3-glucanase in tobacco seed after-ripening and photo dormancy显示文摘 | Leubner Metzger G Meins F Jr | 2001 | Exp Bot2001，，52： | 1 |
| 11 | Silencing of transgenes introduced into leaves by agroinfiltration: a simple, rapid method for investigating sequence requirements for gene silencing显示文摘 | H. Sch?b C. Kunz F. Meins Jr | 1997 | MGG - Molecular & General Genetics1997，，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Hormonal regulation of zeatin - riboside accumulation by cultured tobacco cells 显示文摘 | HANSEN C E Fredenick Meins Jr Roland Acebi | 1987 | Planta1987，172，4： | 1 |
| 13 | RNA degradation and models for post-transcriptional gene-silencing 显示文摘 | Meins F Jr | 2000 | Plant Mol Biol2000，43，23： | 1 |
| 14 | Movement of plant viruses is delayed in a b-1,3-glucanase-deficient mutant showing a reduced plasmodesmatal size exclusion limit and enhanced callose deposition显示文摘 | Iglesias V A Meins F Jr | 2002 | The Plant Journal2002，21，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Effects of gibberellins,darkness and osmotica on endosperm rupture and class Ⅰ β-1,3-glucanase induction in tobacco seed germination显示文摘 | Leubner-Metzger G Fründt C Meins F Jr | 1996 | Planta1996，199，： | 1 |
| 16 | Class Ⅰ β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase are expressed in the micropylar endosperm of tomato seeds prior to radicle emergence显示文摘 | Wu C T Leubner-Metzger G Meins F Jr | 2001 | Plant Physiology2001，126，： | 1 |
| 17 | Silencing of transgenes introduced into leaves by agroinfiltration: a simple, rapid method for investigating sequence requirements for gene silencing显示文摘 | H. Sch?b C. Kunz F. Meins Jr | 1997 | MGG - Molecular & General Genetics1997，，5： | 1 |
| 18 | Induction of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes by broccoli sulforaphane: perspectives in maintaining the antioxidant activity of vitamins A, C, and E 显示文摘 | Boddupalli S Mein JR Lakkanna S | 2012 | Front Genet2012，3，： | 1 |
| 19 | β-1,3-Glucanase and chitinase transgenes in hybrids show distinctive and independent patterns of posttranscriptional gene silencing显示文摘 | Christian Kunz Hanspeter Sch?b Gerd Leubner-Metzger Eugene Glazov Frederick Meins Jr | 2001 | Planta2001，，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Silencing of transgenes introduced into leaves by agroinfiltration:a simple,rapid method for investigating sequence requirements for gene silencing显示文摘 | Sch B H Kunz C Meins Jr F | 1997 | Mol Gen Genet1997，256，5： | 1 |
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